Construction of Love and Gender in Charlotte Brontes...

Construction of Love and Gender in Jane Eyre Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte focuses primarily on love, specifically romantic love and it is the way in which Charlotte Bronte challenges 19th century socio-cultural views on gender and romance, as well as other discourses within the novel such as class and status that makes Jane Eyre successful. The main discourse within Jane Eyre that impacts most greatly upon its feature, romantic love, is the societal classes of the time. This upper and lower class structure becomes evidently the basis of the novel Jane Eyre. Jane Eyres relationship with Mr. Rochester, her employee and master, is deemed inappropriate by high society as it crosses class boundaries. Even without†¦show more content†¦Jane is described as plain and when asked by Mr. Rochester whether she thinks him handsome, she replies no (149). This defied widely accepted social standards and could mean the demise of both family honour and wealth. The construction of gender within Jane Eyre is heavily impacted upon by the socio-cultural attitudes of the time. These social and cultural viewpoints are what formed the female gender, by forming the expected code of conduct and behaviour of women in the mid-1800s. Within society women were almost always represented as lower than men and were commonly expected to be sub-servient and non-opinionated. Prime examples of this sort of behaviour is Mrs. Fairfax and to some extent in Jane, while the exact opposite to societal expectation is seen in Bertha Rochester. Whos unruly, psychotic behaviour deemed her to become an unacceptable person within 19th century society. Society at the time of Jane Eyre offered very little in the way of employment for women. The few jobs or tasks they could perform were often menial and mundane. The only alternative to work was to marry, and quite often for money or the purpose of child bearing than love. Thoughts of goals and desires of success were suppressed within women and they were to adhere to convention. Jane Eyre has several characters within its text that comply with these strict, societalShow MoreRelatedThe Exposure of Feminist Critique in 19th Century Literature: a Look at Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre1749 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical, and even made humorous or satirical. Charlotte Brontà «, a 19th century Victorian feminist wrote her novel Jane Eyre as a means of exposing the confining environments, shameful lack of education, and pitiful dependence upon male relatives for survival (Brackett, 2000). Charlotte Brontà « used literature as a means of feminist cultural resistance by identifying the underlying factors of how the Victorian ideologies, gender and social construction of that time was limiting, and brings to lightRead MoreEssay on Doubles in Jane Eyre2194 Words   |  9 Pagesexamining the doubling between and within the characters in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre I consider the various representations of the female gender and how Jane’s doubles, Bertha Mason, Helen Burns, and Mrs. Reed contribute to the construction of Jane’s gender. Jane Eyre’s quest for love can be seen as a measure of establishing her identity as a woman in a society in which women are expected to be submissive. In order to retain her autonomy Jane must explore her true inner-self. Karl Miller maintainsRead MoreWomen During The Nineteenth Century1562 Words   |  7 PagesWomen both in Europe and America during the nineteenth century were living in a society that was characterised by gender inequality (Wwnorton.com, 2015). In the early periods of the century, women were expected to remain passive and subservient to the male counterparts. They were denied many of the legal, social, or even political rights, which in the modern world we consider as a right (Wwnorton.com, 2015). Thus, generally speaking women who belonged to the middle and upper classes remained home;Read MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesstability and rising standards of living. Artists of ‘Pre- Raphaelite Brotherhood’ claimed to write only true about nature, concentrate only on the true ideas. These three years saw the rise of such works: of Bronte sisters’ Poems, Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, William Thackeray’s Vanity Fair. The Following twenty years could be seen as the high period of ‘Victorian novel’. Despite being a mixture of boom and slump, the years of 1850-1870 were recognized by the economic

Imperialism and China - 2269 Words

Imperialism’s effects on China has always been controversial and debatable. Andrew Nathan’s article on Imperialism’s Effects on China explains imperialism’s positive contributions to modern day China and defends the theory that China’s difficulties are caused by internal factors rather than external. On the other hand, Joseph Esherick’s Harvard on China: The Apologetics of Imperialism argues that China’s economic and social disruptions are caused by imperialism. However, when one examines the evidence chosen and rhetoric of both sides, one may realize the faults in Nathan’s essay which are not shown in Esherick’s. Esherick, as opposed to Nathan, delivers his arguments and defends his stance in a well-rounded manner along with wise usage of†¦show more content†¦However, he does agree with Nathan on one positive effect of imperialism: â€Å"the very struggle to eliminate the economic, political, social, and psycho logical vestiges of imperialism produced the basis of sustained, self-reliant economic and political growth.† A thorough analysis of the weaknesses and strengths of each essay is necessary to prove that one side is more convincing. Nathan has two main strengths, the first is laying out the historical background. He mentions the six institutions established by the foreign nations – the treaty ports, spheres of influence, other restrictions on Chinese sovereignty, the financial drain, the missionary invasion. Under each topic, he acknowledges the negative impacts they had on China; for instance, â€Å"the atmosphere of the treaty ports were strongly racist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"the treaties involved China in financial obligations to foreigners that were crippling to government finance.† With this evidence, the readers gain a brief understanding of the historical background. His second strength is clarity. He responds to and outlines the propositions made by his opp onents. He begins by responding to economic arguments on mass pauperization, then to the assumption of stifling economic growth in the late Qing dynasty, and the statement that imperialism causedShow MoreRelatedImperialism in India and China1234 Words   |  5 PagesBritish imperialism in China and India brought very different responses, in part because of the nature of imperialism in each place. While both regions were greatly influenced by the British, in India the country was placed under the direct rule of the Queen. In China on the other hand, the spheres of influence were economic, and did not entail direct British rule. During the British imperial age the culture of China continued on much the same as it had before, while in India the British triedRead MoreThe Importance Of Western Imperialism In China873 Words   |  4 PagesWestern imperialism in China was very significant, costed the lives of millions of people, but also helped shape China into a much stronger country th an it was before, being ruled by the Qing Dynasty. Imperialism is a country extending its power and influence through the use of military force. There were two wars between the imperialists and China, the first and second Opium wars. The result of these wars was the weakening of the Qing Dynasty and led to a time of rebuilding, which was a great struggleRead More British Imperialism in India and China Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesBritish Imperialism in India and China Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. For instance Britain dominated India and China in the mid 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. Britain was imperialistic for many reasons, it could dominate because it had the technology and power to do so. They also needed land to acquire raw materials for growing markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One countryRead MoreImpact Of Western Imperialism On China And Japan1652 Words   |  7 PagesWestern incursion into China and Japan is a key factor as to how these countries developed economically and socially. While China and Japan were trying to get on their feet and figure out the standards in which to run their countries, the West was escalating in both power and ambitions. The escalation meant growth in European fire arm power which allowed the European countries to make their way into China and Japan without China and Japan being able to stop them because they were not as strong atRead MoreEffects Of Foreign Imperialism On China And Japan2126 Words   |  9 PagesEffects of Foreign Imperialism on China and Japan Introduction For this assignment, we were asked to research, in pairs, the effects of foreign imperialism on two Asian societies. Chris and I chose China and Japan as our Asian societies. What is foreign Imperialism? Foreign Imperialism is when a country (or countries) seeks to expand their nation or sphere of influence into other nations. This usually involves military force and even war. During the 1800s and the early 1900s, both China and Japan wereRead MoreNew Imperialism Influence on China Essay586 Words   |  3 Pagesof western powers, China was very stable, agricultural, and ethnocentric. They had many factories that produced silk, cotton, and porcelain with their natural resources: salt, tin, silver, and iron mines. They had no interest of trade or interaction with foreigners. From the early eighteenth century, European and American Imperialism spread throughout China with a goal to extend their nation’s power. China was one of many territories that undertook the changes of New Imperialism. By 1912, the countryRead MoreImperialism Spread Of China And The Opium War1498 Words   |  6 PagesWhen imperialism spread to China: Events leading to the Opium War Have you ever wondered what it would be like if an event in history ceased to happen or the effect of a slight change in the past and if it would drastically change the future? Like the butterfly affect? I recently came across some historical text about China. During the time of imperialism, a major shift had happened in China that caused an entire dynasty to fall. The collapse caused a half century long recovery period and a changeRead MoreChina And Japan During The Age Of Imperialism2077 Words   |  9 Pages Pavin Kaler 211347747 April 16th, 2015 Professor Joe Kispal-Kovacs Modern Era Comparative Essay China and Japan in the Age of Imperialism 1 LENGTH: 2000-2500 words (7-8 pages) Explore secondary scholarly sources outside of your course textbooks. You must develop a thesis statement, undertake scholarly research, and integrate your findings into an argumentativeRead MoreAge of Imperialism: Japan China Essay examples1170 Words   |  5 Pagesturbulent time of western imperialism and a major Asian power shift. European powers and the United States had a destabilizing effect on the region and the choices Japan and China made in response their imposing expansion was a major contributor to the trajectory of their respective futures. Social factors, such as the differences in national and religious unity, also played a role in the how the two nations emerged from the Age of Imperialism. European trade with China was historically restrictedRead MoreHow Western Imperialism Affects China and Japan Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesHow Western Imperialism affects China and Japan China and Japan had very different experiences with Western Imperialism . Their reactions to western interference would lay a foundation for their destiny in a world that was rapidly progressing forward , leaving the traditional world behind . China viewed themselves as totally self sufficient , superior , and the only truly civilized land in a barbarous world. They were inward looking and were encouraged by the conservative Confucianistic beliefs

Both Sides of Stem Cell Research Essay - 889 Words

Stem Cell Research Paper Stem cell research has been quite a controversial topic since its origin in the 1960s by Gopal Das and Joseph Altman. Of course, anything that uses a human embryo would be. Stem cell research could open a vast number of new doors for modern science, it could let us test new drugs, one of which could be the unfound cure for AIDS or Alzheimer’s disease. However, this branch of science comes at a high price, the price of a human life that is only five to six days old (NIH). It is quite nearly impossible to take a stand in this argument from an unbiased viewpoint. What is a stem cell? A stem cell is an unspecialized cell, meaning it is not a heart, brain, or any other type of cell that has a special purpose,†¦show more content†¦Pluripotent stem cells are just like Totipotent cells, but they can only become cell derived from the three germ layers, which contain over 200 specialized cells. Multipotent stem cells can only become blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Unipotent stem cells can only transform into one type of tissue or specialized cell, but it can divide over and over again (Wikipedia). These embryonic stem cells can divide again and again through mitosis (a type of cell division in all body parts except reproductive parts). Medical specialists and leading scientists conclude, that these cells could help cure as many as seventy-three diseases, which up to now were thought incurable (NIH). The controversy due to embryonic stem cells is quite debatable. Both sides present many strong reason s that prove their point, but it is still, frankly, nearly impossible to take a stand from an unbiased view. This is the first study showing that embryonic stem cells can be used for brain and spinal cord repair in an animal model of a human neurological disease, said researcher Oliver BrÃ… ¸stle (a neuropathologist at the University of Bonn in Germany) referring to the study done on rats (CNN). Just like Oliver BrÃ… ¸stle many scientists around the world agree that embryonic stem cell show much welcomed hope of cure of spinal and brain repair. In addition to healing spinal and brain injuries, the embryonic stem cells can also treat diabetes, a disease which 54%Show MoreRelatedEssay about Embryonic Stem Cell Research1357 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research Embryonic stem cell research is a highly controversial topic in todays society, this kind of stem cell commits to regenerate any type of tissue. Unfortunately, Embryonic Stem Cell Research has a dark side. To obtain these cells will kill the embryo automatically. In other words, the acquirement of the Human Embryonic Stem Cell includes performing an abortion. To obtain these cells, it would kill the embryo. This has created controversy since abortion is suchRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic stem cells research is the most debated type of stem cell research. The moral standings of embryonic stem cell research have been debated since the research started. The side against the research claims that it is wrong to value one’s life above another and that the elimination of the most basic form of life is murder. While the side supporting the research claims that the research could bring about the cure for many types of diseases and help save the lives of millions. Embryonic stem cellsRead MoreEssay On Human Life1389 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscovery of human embryonic stem cells. This sparked curiosity and enlightenment in the eyes of medical professionals everywhere. Nineteen years later the world is riddles with a plethora of controversy, fabrication, and fallacies in regards to the use of embryonic stem cells. Contrary to this, these â€Å"super cells† have the growing potential to put an end to many medical disputes. Firstly, to understand the stigma and information behind embryonic stem cell research, there must be a common understandingRead MoreStem Cell Research : Is It Humane?1686 Words   |  7 Pages2 25 February 2015 Stem-Cell Research--Is it humane? The studying of stem cells is a very controversial issue that has been around since 1998 when the research of the use of embryonic stem cell treatment began. The main issues surrounding the discussion of treating people with life-altering disabilities through the use of these pluripotent cells is the ethicality of the matter and whether or not it is a savage act against a fetus. Many who oppose the use of these stem cells derived from excessRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Stem cells are homogeneous cells found in the human body which have potential to change into, or differentiate into a range of specific types of cells (Stoppler, 1996). The refurbishment and protection of many adult tissues are safeguarded by stem cells (SCs) which exist in the top of the cellular sorting section of these tissues (Beck, 2013). Practical assessments, such as transplantation, in vitro clonogenic assesses (technique used to study efficacy of exact agents in terms of theRead MoreEssay on Stem Cell Research: Should it be Permitted?868 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell related diseases affect over 100 million americans (White). Right now, there are plenty of government funds for stem cell research, and if we continue on the same path as we are now, stem cell research should be successful; however, the ethics used for embryonic stem cell research are incomprehensibly horrific (Stem cell policy). If this continues to be funded, it could have answers to numerous major disease s, including why they are caused, prevention, and cures for the diseases. MoreRead MoreThe Federal Funding Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe subject in this article is about the federal funding of embryonic stem-cell research. The argument is about Research on human embryonic stem cells and the development of therapies for chronic and debilitating diseases. The question is should the federal government of the United States provide funding for the stem cell research? The thesis of the argument is â€Å"others worry that even if research on embryos is not wrong in itself, it will open the way to a slippery slope of dehumanizing practicesRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1196 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy over the topic of stem cell research. It seems to be that the main controversy when it comes to the topic of stem cell research is an ethical debate, and because of this it seems that the side opposing stem cell research always wins due to the ir use of pathos when it comes to their argument. I personally do not side with those against the idea of stem cell research because I believe that the pros outweigh the cons when you break it down this way. Stem cell research could be the gateway to findingRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research1508 Words   |  7 Pagesof Stem Cell Research This day in age disease, infection, disorders and mysterious syndromes are more present now than ever. */***You forget to wash your hands after using the restroom? You just spread viruses like E.Coli and put someone s life in danger*/***. But in a world full of diseases that are seemingly becoming harsher and more resistant to conventional treatments, answers to the latest ailments are popping up in the form of miniscule pieces biological tissue called stem cells. Stem cellsRead MoreSpinal Cord Injury Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagespluripotent stem cells have found a way to potentially cure this condition, with the grafting of iPS cells to the human spine. It is impossible to argue with the results of recent research studies, which clearly demonstrate its capability to treat this condition. However, there is still some way to go until these studies can be applied to the treatment of humans, furthermore there are still many obstacles that must be overcome before research can proceed to the next level. iPS cells have the potential

Essay on Eng 102 Short Story - 735 Words

Fiction Essay Thesis and Outline Instructions In Module/Week 3, you will write a 750-words (about 3–4-pages) essay that compares and contrasts two stories from the Fiction Unit. Before you begin writing the essay, carefully read the guidelines for developing your paper topic that are given below. Review the Fiction Essay Grading Rubric to see how your submission will be graded. Gather all of your information, plan the direction of your essay, and organize your ideas by developing a one-page thesis statement and outline for your essay. Format the thesis statement and the outline in a single Word document using MLA, APA, or Turabian style (whichever corresponds to your degree program). You have the opportunity to receive helpful†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ What are the ways in which each major character experiences conflict (either with self, with other characters, or with the social and/or physical environment)? †¢ How are the conflicts resolved? Do the protagonists succeed in achieving their goals? †¢ Who receives your deepest sympathy and why? Characterization †¢ Who are the main characters in the stories? †¢ What are their outstanding qualities? Does the author give any indication as to how or why the character developed these qualities? †¢ What are the characters’ emotions, attitudes, and behaviors? What do these indicate to the reader about the character? †¢ Can the characters’ motivations be determined from the text? Setting †¢ Where and when do the stories take place? (Remember to include such details as geographic location, time of year, time period, if the setting is rural or urban, etc.) †¢ Do the settings make the stories believable or credible? How does setting impact the plot of the story, and how would the plot be affected if the story took place in another setting? †¢ Are the characters influenced by their setting? How might they behave if they were in a different setting? †¢ What atmosphere or mood does the setting create? (For example, darkness may create a mood of fear or unhappiness, while light or bright colors may create one of happiness.) †¢ Is the setting or any aspect of it a symbol or does the setting express particularShow MoreRelatedFiction Analysis of aP and the Lesson Essay examples1168 Words   |  5 PagesThe theme of desire has been portrayed in many novels and stories. Perhaps the most well-known depiction of desire can be found in the Bible. In the Book of Genesis, a snake tempts Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge after he convinces them that they will gain God’s knowledge of good and evil and be protected from death. Despite God’s word to not eat of the fruit, Adam and Eve did so anyway. Surely, this story portrays temptation; however, beyond the theme of temptationRead MoreWhat Is The Rule For Forming Questions Within The Simple Present And Simple Past?1523 Words   |  7 Pagespoints) What is the rule for forming questions in the simple present and simple past in English? Questions in the simple present can be formed in a couple of ways with questions lacking question words such as â€Å"Do† and â€Å"Does† (examples: Do you read short stories? and Does Frank play the violin?), and questions containing question words such as â€Å"What,† â€Å"When,† and â€Å"Where† (examples: What do you type on your laptop?, When does your brother go to school, and Where do you visit your relatives?). To form aRead MoreEssay A Rose for Emily: Literary Analysis 2990 Words   |  4 PagesENG 102 Analysis Research Paper 09-25-10 Literary Analysis William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† carries a theme represented by a dying breed of that era, while using symbolism to represent tragedy, loneliness and some form of pride, the story also shows how far one will go to have the approval of others and the pursuit of happiness. In today’s times, a person’s image could mean everything in life and almost everyone tries to fit into the main stream in some form at some pointRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Short Story Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesKayli Conrad Professor Lindquist ENG 102-I01 October 27th, 2017 Short Story Essay â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a 6,000 word short story written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. This story first appeared in The New England Magazine in January 1892 and became a classic in the realm of gothic literature. Although this story does provide information regarding feminism, the ghostly horror prevails itself throughout this story. Gilman’s story depicts elements that definitely link it to the Gothic genre. NotRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s The Storm 915 Words   |  4 PagesJoe Brennan Professor De Angelis ENG-102 September 30, 2015 Analysis of Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Storm† â€Å"The Storm† by Kate Chopin is a story of passion and desire where morality has no home when it comes to love, sex, and marriage. â€Å"The Storm† as the title implies, tells a story about Calixta a married woman who has an affair with Alcee, a former beau who is also married. As the storm approaches so does Alcee riding upon his horse and he asks â€Å"May I come in and wait on your gallery till the storm isRead MoreThe Luck of the Draw1120 Words   |  5 Pages| 2014 | | Candeis Gaylord Eng. 102- C07 _LOU | [The luck of the Draw] | | Gambling Lottery and Betting Are we all winners or losers Not everyone can be a winner Plot A. Major plot of each story Betting Lottery B. Characters 1. Paul Tessie C. Similarities vs. Differences 1. Paul and Tessie similarities Paul and Tessie differences Setting A. Paul 1. Rocking Horse Race Track B. Tessie 1. Village Town Square C. Privacy verses publicly Read MoreSummary Of The Fall Of The House Of Usher 1173 Words   |  5 PagesAshanti Bennett Dr. Amy Hudock ENG-102 9 November 2014 Gullah Superstitions: â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† Superstitions are a mysterious part of any culture, and those mysteries greatly influence mysterious writers. Edgar Allen Poe, one of the most famous mysterious authors, use the many mysterious encounters he faced as an asset for his short stories. A major influence was his time in Charleston, South Carolina, where he learned of the many superstitions and rituals of both the blacks and theRead MoreThe Significance of Minor Characters in AP Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesDave Epstein Jennifer Kaufman Eng 102-8 Short Story Essay #2- Essay 1 Revision-â€Å"Aamp;P† 10/11/10 Word Count: 1172 â€Å"The Significance of Minor Characters in â€Å"Aamp;P† † Minor characters are crucial to a reader’s understanding of any story. In John Updike’s short story, â€Å"Aamp;P† this idea is very apparent. In this short story, two of the minor characters are quite important. These two minor characters are Queenie, a young women shopper and Lengel, the manager of the Aamp;P. Qeenie andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Kristof792 Words   |  4 Pages. Eng 102 Boyer-White 2/10/11 Rhetorical Analysis of Kristof Nicholas Kristof wrote a compelling article titled â€Å"Our Gas Guzzlers, Their Lives†. In the article he is arguing that wealthier country’s greenhouse gas emissions are severely damaging life in many African countries. In fact Charles Ehrhart, a Care staff member in Kenya, states, â€Å"The negative impact of the West’s carbon emissions will overwhelm the positive effects of aid† (Kristof 580). So although we are trying to aid, it is ourRead MoreAnalysis Of Katherine Mansfield s Miss Brill 1633 Words   |  7 PagesAdedeji Otufale Prof Weiss Eng 102 Research Paper Reading stories regularly leads individuals to discover particular similarities and contrasts between them, Katherine Mansfield s short story Miss Brill makes for a fascinating correlation to William Faulkner s short story A Rose For Emily. Although both stories appear to be not so alike, the connections they impart are of substantially more value. The distinctions in social contribution between Miss Brill and Emily Grierson can t exceed

The female influence in politics of Latin America Free Essays

While studying Latin American region I was questioned why this region has more numbers of female presidents. Therefore, in this essay, I did some small analyze with a list of female representatives as a head of states. I think the role of women is everywhere essential and can include significant influence as in social life so in politics. We will write a custom essay sample on The female influence in politics of Latin America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people argue that women’s presence in power is a simple question of fairness. Fairness that demands women to get their proper share of power regardless of whether they us this power to promote women’s interests. Another reason is considered to be the spread of globalization. This phenomenon has given the impulse for raise of feminism in Latin American region. Therefore, the greater presence of women in national legislatures coincided with unprecedented attention to women’s rights issues like domestic violence, reproduction and family law. Women from different political parties were forming alliances to put women’s issues on the policy agenda and then to pressure their male colleagues to support changes in law. One dramatic example of the potential changes women leaders brings comes from Mexico. In 2000, Rosario Robles, then mayor of Mexico City, broke the Latin American abortion stalemate by introducing legislation to modify the city’s criminal code on abortion matters. The proposal, approved through support by the PRD (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) and PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) parties, legalized abortions performed if the mother’s health (not just her life) is at risk and if the fetus has birth defects. Robles accepted the long-standing feminist argument that abortion is a public health problem, since resorting to clandestine abortions poses grave risks for women’s lives and health. No other Latin American country has liberalized its abortion laws since the 1940s. The 1990s we saw steady growth in women’s participation in political power in Latin America. The result can be women’s representation in the lower houses of congress increased from an average of 9 % in 1990 to 15 % in 2002; in the Senate, from 5 % to 12 % in 2002; and among ministers, from 9 % to13 % in 2000. These numbers put Latin America behind Europe, on par with Asia, and ahead of Africa, the Pacific and the Middle East. It’s evident that Latin American region has more cases of female presidents at the head of the state rather in other countries. In Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, women have run for president with a realistic chance of winning, and even did win. Dilma Rouseff of Brazil, Cristina Kirchner in Argentina, Michelle Bachelett of Chile, Laura Chinchilla in Costa Rica, Isabel Peron as a first female president of the region. In more countries, women have served as vice presidents, and women have governed the region’s (and world’s) two largest cities, Sao Paulo and Mexico City. Herein I present summarized information about female headquarters in LA: Dilma Rousseff, Brazil 2010. Dilma Rousseff of the ruling Workers’ Party has just been elected president of Brazil – a nation of almost 200 million people, and a rising global power. She is a career diplomat, and was – until running for the presidency – chief of staff to President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva; before that she was energy minister. Lula gave her his full backing during the campaign and she has promised to continue his policies. Those who know Rousseff describe her as a â€Å"tough cookie†, and as a determined, pragmatic woman who likes to get things done. One of her nick-names is ‘the iron lady’. She is said to be astute, with a strategic, logical mind. Her father was an immigrant from Bulgaria, and her mother a school teacher. While a student in the 1960s, she joined the left-wing armed resistance against the military dictatorship. Although she says she was never involved in violence herself, she was seen as a key figure within the movement. She was arrested and held for three years, during which time she was tortured. Ms Rousseff was released in 1973, resumed her studies in economics, and then joined the civil service. Laura Chinchilla, President of Costa Rica 2010. Laura Chinchilla was sworn in as president of Costa Rica in May of this year, after a conclusive victory in elections in February. She is with the centrist National Liberation Party, and was vice-president under her predecessor, Oscar Arias. Ms Chinchilla has held several governments’ posts and comes from a political family. She studied in Costa Rica and at Georgetown University in the US. Ms Chinchilla is regarded as a social conservative, and is opposed to gay marriage and abortion. She has promised to continue with the free-market policies of former president Arias, and to expand on Costa Rica’s free trade deals. Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, President of Argentina 2007 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner swept to victory in the first round of Argentina’s presidential election in October 2007. She took over the presidency from her husband Nestor Kirchner. The two worked closely together, and were dubbed â€Å"the Clintons of the South†. Mr Kirchner died of a heart attack at the age of 60 in October 2010. Christina Fernandez has a long track-record in politics dating back to the late 1980s. She has worked in the regional parliament, the national parliament, and as a senator. She studied law at university, and is known for her work campaigning on human rights and women’s rights. Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile 2006-2010 Michelle Bachelet was inaugurated as president of Chile for the Socialist Party in March 2006. She had previously been Chile’s Defence Minister – the first woman to hold that post in Latin America – and also health minister. She studied military strategy and is trained as a paediatrician and an epidemiologist. In 1970s, in the early days of Augusto Pinochet’s rule, her father was held on charges of treason. Ms Bachelet and her mother were also detained and tortured, before going into exile. As health minister Ms Bachelet caused a stir in staunchly Catholic Chile by allowing the free distribution of the morning after pill for victims of sexual abuse. She stepped down in March 2010 with a popularity rating of more than 80%, as the Chilean constitution does not allow a second consecutive presidential term. She is currently head of a new United Nations agency working on gender issues, called UN Women. Mireya Moscoso, President of Panama 1999-2004 Mireya Moscoso won presidential elections in May 1999, and was in charge a year later for the US handover of the Panama canal. She is the widow of three-time president Arnulfo Arias. She began her political career after her husband’s death. Ms Moscoso came from a poor, rural background, and trained as an interior designer. She promised to work to reduce poverty in Panama. However, her presidency was dogged by allegations of corruption. Rosalia Arteaga, interim President of Ecuador 1997 Rosalia Arteaga acted as interim president of Ecuador for just two days in February 1997, when the former leader, Abdala Bucaram, was declared unfit to govern. She was vice-president before that. Ms Arteaga ran for the presidency in elections in 1998, but got only a small share of the vote. Violeta Chamorro, President of Nicaragua 1990-1997 Violetta Chamorro beat the incumbent Daniel Ortega in elections, to become president of Nicaragua in April 1990. She was the candidate for the National Opposition Union – a coalition of parties that ran against the Sandinistas. Her bid was backed by the US, who lifted sanctions on the country after her election. Ms Chamorro comes from a wealthy family and was educated abroad, including in the US. She entered politics after her husband Pedro Joaquin Chamorro – who had been editor of an anti-government newspaper – was assassinated. She took over as editor of the paper after his murder. She is credited for helping bring stability and peace to Nicaragua. Lidia Gueiler Tejada, interim President of Bolivia, 1979-1980 Lidia Gueiler Tejada was interim president of Bolivia from 1979 to 1980. She was chosen to run the country after inconclusive elections and the ousting of the temporary president Walter Guevara. She was to lead Bolivia until fresh elections, but she herself was removed in a coup before they were held. She trained as an accountant, and worked as a Member of Congress and as president of the Chamber of Deputies before being interim leader. She later worked as Bolivian Ambassador to a number of countries. Isabel Peron, President of Argentina 1974-1976 Isabel Peron was the first woman president in Latin America. She took over as president of Argentina when her husband – the three-time president Juan Domingo Peron – died in office in 1974. Isabel Peron was his third wife, and they married several years after the death of the much-loved First Lady Eva Peron. Known to Argentineans as â€Å"Isabelita†, Ms Peron was a former cabaret dancer. During her presidency, there were numerous labor strikes, and hundreds of political murders. Isabel Peron was removed in a military coup in 1976, and held under house arrest for several years before moving to Spain. In 2007, Argentina issued an international arrest warrant for her, over her alleged links to a right-wing paramilitary group, which operated during her rule. Argentinean authorities also wanted to question her over the disappearance of two men. Spain rejected the extradition request; the court there ruled that there was insufficient evidence against her. In these and other ways, women’s political behavior may conform to the corrupt and â€Å"clientelistic† patterns that have long been present in Latin America. So, all together we cannot deny the female’s significant contribution in the life and history of their countries. Women, after all, are not above politics. References:Mala Htun. 2001. â€Å"Advancing Women’s Rights in the Americas: Achievements and Challenges.† Working Paper. . Women’s Participation in Mexican Political Life, ed. Victoria Rodrà ­guez (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998). Htun, Mala. 2001. â€Å"Women’s Leadership in Latin America: Trends and Challenges†. Politics Matters: A Dialogue of Women Political Mala N. Htun:  «Mujeres y poder polà ­tico en Latinoamà ©rica » bookAlya Babirli April, 2011A    How to cite The female influence in politics of Latin America, Papers

Fashion Design Management A Global Expansion to Acquire

Question: Describe about the Fashion Design Management for A Global Expansion to Acquire. Answer: Introduction Marketing management refers to the process of developing and implementing the marketing strategies of an organization (Kotler et al. 2015). There is a lot of importance of marketing management as it helps the organizations to achieve the ultimate marketing goal of the organization. This study is about the fashion marketing strategy of a world famous fashion clothes manufacturer and seller, Marks and Spencer. Marks and Spencer is a major fashion garments retailer, founded in the year of 1984. The company has a employee base of more than 80,000 (Marksandspencer.com 2016). The company witnessed a massive downfall in the business in the year of 1990. There was some specific reason behind the downfall of the company. However, with the help of effective product development strategy, Marks and Spencer bounced back and came to the good position. All the aspects of the above-discussed incidents are discussed below. Reasons to the Decline of Marks and Spencer Before the year of 1990, Marks and Spencer used to be one of the major fashion retailers in London. The company used to produce high-end garments for the consumers. One of the reasons of the success of Marks and Spencer was the less number of competitors in the market at that time. However, in the year of 1990, the company started to experience decline in the business (Tench 2016). There were some specific reasons behind this downfall. These reasons are discussed below in details: High Product Cost: A major reason of the downfall of the business of Marks and Spencer was the high cost of the products. Due to the monopoly in the market, the company used to set high prices of the products. This strategy was successful until there were more competitors of the company in the market. At the presence of the competitors, the price of the products of Marks and Spencer proved to be high. On the other hand, the excess number of suppliers was another cause of the downfall of the company (Telegraph.co.uk 2016). Product Range: Another reason of the failure of Marks and Spencer was the unattractive range of products. The garments that Marks and Spencer used to produce failed to satisfy the needs of the customers. The reason was that the products of Marks and Spencer were unattractive and fragmented. At the presence of the other companies in the same market, the customers identified the fact that the products of Marks and Spencer were inferior compared to the products of other companies. On the other hand, Marks and Spencer were unable to produce different ranges of clothes as per the requirement of the customers (Jain and Sukhlecha 2012). Competitors: The arrival of other competitors was the most important factors that contributed toward the failure of the business of Marks and Spencer. In the early years, Marks and Spencer used to operate in a market where there were not many companies that could give Marks and Spencer a competition. However, in the year of 1990, the arrival of fast fashion and discount retailers changed the scenario of the market. These companies started to produce high street fashion garments with a competitively lower price. Certainly, Marks and Spencer was not able to cope up with the change and they started to evidence fall in their business (Brophy 2012). Lack of Advertisement: Another crucial reason behind the downfall of Marks and Spencer was the lack of advertisement campaigns. The company did not have any kind of marketing advertisement strategies to boost the sale of their products. At the same time, other companies adopted attractive and effective advertisement campaigns so that the information of their products can be reach to the customers. This is a major area where Marks and Spencer failed to get the desired competitive advantage and their business started to decline (Field and Malbone 2015). Attractive Offers: At the time of 1990, the companies started to come up with more and more attractive discount offers that attracted the customers towards their products. However, Marks and Spencer refused to introduce any kind of discount offers so that their sales can be boosted; and as a result, the business of Marks and Spencer started to decline. All these reasons together contributed towards the decline of the business of Marks and Spencer (Khan 2013). Product Development Process of Marks and Spencer The decline in the business of Marks and Spencer forced the management of the company to take some necessary steps for the revival of the business of the company. The new management of the company responded in well manner by providing an effective strategy to eradicate the downfall of the business. As per the unique policy of Marks and Spencer, the power of the product development lies in the hands of the customers of the company. Fifty designers were assigned for the development of various kinds of products. Those entire fifty designer made designs for new clothes and then they communicate those designs to the manufacturer of the organization. The company closely observed and monitored the designs of those designers; after the they applied those design as per the requirements of the company and the customers. This whole process is called the direct buying process. As per this process, the designer team directly communicates with the manufacturing team in order to quick production of the products (Ahmed 2016). There are some specific requirements for the completion of the total process. The first requirement is that the various teams in Marks and Spencer need to know the various characteristics of different fabrics and the effect of them on the garments. One of the most important aspect of direct buying development strategy is that all the members of the company like the designers, manufacturers, buyers, merchandiser and others work together in order to develop a kind of expertise in the product development process. The sourcing managers of the company used to work together with the suppliers and retailers in order to make good relationship with them. The introduction of innovation in the products of Marks and Spencer was another step towards the revival of the position of the company. The company introduces some innovative features in their products like suits that can be washed in machines, wool and cashmere knitwear and others in a very affordable price. By the use of innovation, Marks and Spencer made some products that were not available in any other stores. In case of the price of the products, Marks and Spencer used the Good, better and best price matrix of Wal-Mart in order to set up competitive prices of their products in order to get the necessary competitive edge. By doing all these, Marks and Spencer completed the repositioning strategy by keeping the same core value of the company (Purvis 2015). Recommended Steps As per the above discussion, it can be observed that Marks and Spencer took some effective steps in order to regain the lost market place. However, those were not the only steps that the company could take. Marks and Spencer could take more corrective measures to revive the situation. First of all, Marks and Spencer could add some extra features with the existing products in order to tap the new customers as the products of the company was not up to the expectation of the consumers. They could find out the preferences of the customers by doing various surveys and business researches (Stark 2015). Secondly, the company could use the developed technology in order to develop their various products. The use of more advanced technology in the production process would help to reduce the production time that would contribute to low production cost. Thirdly, Marks and Spencer could use different quality levels in order to bring quality in their products. There were numerous other steps that Marks and Spencer could adopt for the development of the products like the company could use some improved models of other top-level business organization to develop the products of them (Ward and Sobek II 2014). Conclusion As per the above study, Marks and Spencer was a major fashion retailers in London before the year of 1990 as there were not many companies that could give a tough competition to Marks and Spencer. However, the scenario changed in the year of 1990 when more new companies started to enter in the market of London with superior products than Marks and Spencer along with more affordable prices. According to the study, there were certain reasons that contributed to the decline of Marks and Spencer. Some of the major reasons are the high product cost of the company, weak range of products, entry of new competitors, lack of attractive advertisement campaigns, lack of attractive offers and many others. However, Marks and Spencer made effective strategy in the form of direct buying to revive the situation of the company. Marks and Spencer could take some more steps to revive the situation like the use of more advanced technology, to follow the model of other companies and others. References Ahmed, U., 2016. Marks Spencer: A Global Expansion to Acquire Lost Momentum?. InMarket Entry in China(pp. 61-72). Springer International Publishing. Brophy, A.L., 2012. Go White, Young Man. Field, A.R. and Malbone, E.G., 2015. Portrait Miniatures.The Early Republic and Antebellum America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History, p.235. Jain, M. and Sukhlecha, M.L., 2012. FDI in Multi-Brand Retail: Is it the need of the hour.Zenith International Journal of Multi-disciplinary Research,2(6), pp.108-131. Khan, O., 2013. Managing risk by internalising product design in fashion retail: An exploratory case of Marks Spencer.Manchester School of Management, Manchester. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Marksandspencer.com. (2016).Welcome to Marks Spencer. [online] Available at: https://www.marksandspencer.com/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Purvis, M., 2015. Direction and discretion: the roles of centre and branch in the interwar management of Marks and Spencer.History of Retailing and Consumption,1(1), pp.63-81. Ruddick, G. (2016).Why are Marks Spencer sales still falling?. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/mks/11203400/Will-Marks-and-Spencer-be-able-to-beat-the-Christmas-blues.html [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Stark, J., 2015. Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Tench, R., 2016. The Corporate Social Responsibility in Lidl's Communication Campaigns in Croatia and the UK.The Qualitative Report,21(2), p.352. Ward, A.C. and Sobek II, D.K., 2014.Lean product and process development. Lean Enterprise Institute.

Merits and challenges of implementing Knowledge Management

Question: Assess the merits and challenges of implementing Knowledge Management (KM) initiatives in Teagasc a public sector organisation which is the agriculture and food development authority in Ireland. In your answer, please consider the following: The role of IT in KM Answer: Introduction Knowledge Management is a multi disciplined advancement that uses the knowledge in the best way for achieving the objectives of the organization. Kang and Sauk Hau (2014) commented on the fact that it is a process that involves capturing, sharing, developing and effectively using organizational knowledge for making a best use of the knowledge within the organization. This KM technology includes the various categories such as Groupware, workflow, Enterprise portals, scheduling and planning as well as eLearning. This assignment deals with the implementation of KM in Teagasc which is a public sector that is concerned with agricultural as well as food development authority. It has an aim of using innovative technologies in the agro-food section that will help in increasing sustainability, competitiveness and profitability. In addition to this, the merits and demerits of implementing KM in Teagasc are also discussed vividly. Advantages of implementing Knowledge Management (KM) in Teagasc The KM implementation in Teagasc has several advantages that are discussed below- Enabling fast making of decisions- According to Maruta (2014) the KM provides information that is required through search, subscription, structure and support that helps in making good decisions. By collaboration, a large and diverse opinions along with experience helps in making the decisions. In addition to this, the reuse of knowledge also helps in making faster decisions that are based on large sample sizes, actual experience and the learning of practical lessons. So, Teagasc uses KM for making a good as well as a fast decision that helps in application of innovative technology for the betterment of the organization. Easier in finding pertinent information and resources- With the change in environment as well as innovation of new technology, the organization is always in search of finding relevant information and resources. The introduction of KM helps in understanding the problem, the need and requirements of the customers as well as understands the trends of the market. Lotti Oliva (2014) commented on the fact that KM makes the organization in finding out the need and the information pertinent to it for better performance of the organization. Avoiding repeating mistakes and reducing redundant effort- One of the important tasks that KM helps in not only identification of the lessons learnt from the successes regarding the technologies that are used but also helps in identification of the same from the failures. According to Kang and Sauk Hau (2014) this also helps in understanding the causes of mistake which on rectification makes the next job go perfect. Moreover, KM also prevents replication and repetitions of effort that saves both money and time thereby keeping up the morale of the employees. Making the best use of existing experience and expertise- KM helps the team in getting benefits from the individual talent and knowledge. The more the team will be expertise with the knowledge, the more the team will be strong (Lotti Oliva, 2014). Using KM the knowledge of each of the team member gets shared among the other team members thereby making Teagasc more knowledgeable and technologically advanced to compete the ongoing market trend. Easy communication of information in a broader way- KM helps in communicating the relevant information among the employees and workers of Teagasc quickly and effectively. This prevents the employees and workers in getting drowned with information that are neither relevant nor important for the organization (Maruta, 2014). Stimulation of growth and innovation- The KM in Teagasc stimulates the organization in getting a steady growth regarding the innovation and collection of revenues (Kang and Sauk Hau, 2014). This is because; through KM the new knowledges are shared, collaborated and delivered among the employees that help in progression of the organization in a most progressive manner. Disadvantages of implementing KM in Teagasc Though there are certain pros regarding the implementation of KM in Teagasc, there are also certain disadvantages that also need to be discussed- Complex and costly method- Maruta (2014) commented on the fact that KM is a complex method and understanding of it sometimes become tough to the average employee or worker. In addition to this, this is a costly method and sometimes fails in sharing the needful and relevant information that turns to be a loss to the organization. As a result, the company faces loss and training the employees for the proper usage of it also incurs a huge cost to the company. Understanding the relevant information- Knowledge is one of the most essential parts in an organization as this helps the organization in proper channeling of the information. But according to Lotti Oliva (2014) it sometimes it is difficult for the organization to understand which of the data and information is essential and relevant to the organization. For Teagasc, it sometimes becomes very difficult to understand which of the information are essential and important for the progress of the organization. Moreover the implementation of KM becomes meaningless if the information that is collected is not at all relevant to the strategies and goals of the organization (Maruta, 2014). In addition to this, the system also needs updates efficiently that on failure due to updating can affect the organization to a considerable affect. Lengthy process- Kang and Sauk Hau (2014) commented on the fact that the process of KM is a lengthy process and requires a lot of steps for extraction of the data and information and using it for the future purpose. This results in implementation of KM tough and time consuming and hence cannot keep pace with the fast moving market trend. Conclusion This assignment shows the implementation of KM has both pros and cons on Teagasc. The advantages show that KM is used for stimulating growth and innovation of the company, helps in making good and fast decisions and also helps in getting relevant information. In addition to this, it also helps in avoiding redundancy, repeating mistakes, communicating the information widely and makes a best use of experience and skills. Apart from this, the disadvantages that are discussed are that implementation of KM is a costly and a lengthy method and sometimes it becomes tough to understand the relevant information. References Kang, M. and Sauk Hau, Y. (2014). Multi-level analysis of knowledge transfer: a knowledge recipients perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(4), pp.758-776. Lotti Oliva, F. (2014). Knowledge management barriers, practices and maturity model. Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(6), pp.1053-1074. Maruta, R. (2014). The creation and management of organizational knowledge. Knowledge-Based Systems, 67, pp.26-34.